{"id":164,"date":"2022-07-21T11:01:46","date_gmt":"2022-07-21T09:01:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.imunomed.ro\/?p=164"},"modified":"2022-08-03T06:45:07","modified_gmt":"2022-08-03T04:45:07","slug":"regulation-of-the-immune-responses-at-apc-and-helper-t-lymphocytes-level-and-cytotoxic-t-lymphocytes-activation-in-antineoplastic-defense-signaling-theories-in-oncology-and-the-double-impact-on-the-n","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.imunomed.ro\/?p=164","title":{"rendered":"Regulation of the immune responses at APC and helper T cells level and cytotoxic T cells activation in antineoplastic defense. Signaling theories in oncology and the double impact on the neoplastic cells and on immune system"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Content<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.imunomed.ro\/?p=164#abstract\">Abstract<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.imunomed.ro\/?p=164#keywords\">Keywords<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.imunomed.ro\/?p=164#background\">Background<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.imunomed.ro\/?p=164#regulation\">Regulation of the immune responses and implications in the antineoplastic defence<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.imunomed.ro\/?p=164#cooperation\">The cooperation between APC\/Th<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.imunomed.ro\/?p=164#signalling\">Signalling possibilities in malignant clones and in parallel in leukocyte clones involved in the antineoplastic defence<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.imunomed.ro\/?p=164#activating\">Activating signals in the immune system<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.imunomed.ro\/?p=164#cascading\">Signaling cascades in neoplasms<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.imunomed.ro\/?p=164#impact\">The impact on neoplastic tissues<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.imunomed.ro\/?p=164#radiation\">The impact of physical radiation on tissues<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.imunomed.ro\/?p=164#immune\">Impact on the immune system<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.imunomed.ro\/?p=164#paralelism\">Parallelism between the immunological tolerance induced by pregnancy and tolerance in neoplasm<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.imunomed.ro\/?p=164#references\">References<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b><a id=\"abstract\"><\/a>Abstract<\/b><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 12pt;\"> During the intervention of the immune system in the antineoplastic defence, it is not known exactly how to capture, process and present neoplastic antigens at the level of APC (antigen presenting cell) and they may not be correctly presented to the Th lymphocyte, because it would trigger a strong response to reject the malignant cell from the onset of neoplasia.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Therefore, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the major immun<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ological<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> defect in neoplasms may be <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">rather<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> in the specific immune system, related to the cooperation APC\/Th, while the Tc lymphocyte may be less affected, but it may not function <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">correctly<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> in the absence of the stimulation Th1 lymphocyte by IL-2 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> In this case <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">lymphocytes Tc are deleted (the deletion is mediated mainly by <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Also, r<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">eceptors for neoplastic antigens are not described in APC, and some of these antigen<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">s <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">are probably taken by opsonization with antibodies or complement fractions, while others are taken as detritus (from dead neoplastic cells) in scavenger receptors ( involved in clearance, apoptosis, homeostasis).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The immune response of the Th lymphocytes and especially Th1 is, however, poorly related to the extremely aberrant degree <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">in<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> the neoplastic cells and it may be more focused on the antigens from dead tumor cells<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> On the other hand<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">,<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> on the living neoplastic cells, the Th lymphocytes cannot recognize them well and annihilate, probably through a pathological tolerance process.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b><a id=\"keywords\"><\/a>Keywords:<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> helper T lymphocyte (Th) , reglulatory T cells (T regs) , <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">cytotoxic T lymphocyte (Tc ) , <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">APC &#8211; antigen presenting cell, APC \/ Th cooperation, MHC-I cup, MHC-II cup, NK lymphocytes , T cell receptor (TCR), interleukin 2 (IL-2), stimulatory signals, co-stimulatory molecules, adhesion molecules, &#8222;signaling cascades&#8221;.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b><a id=\"background\"><\/a>Background<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> A proof<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> of this is the attempts to use vaccines with dead tumor cells, as well as the good response of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, where massive tumor necrosis occurs. It is <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">possible<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> that high efficiency also results from a participation of the immune system, especially since cytostatic secondary immunosuppression is practically not as high as it was theoretically described, especially in the case of Cyclophosphamide ,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> that<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> can be used in oncology in very high doses with good tolerance (versus the immunosuppressive doses in the autoimmune pathology). Also in some forms of nodular breast cancer, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">it <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">is preferred to do the conservative intervention of sectorial type, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">by keeping<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> the surrounding tissue, possibly with a role in the stimulati<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">on of<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> the immune system by the remaining tissue.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">As for the nonspecific immunity, it seems less affected and <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> NK lymphocytes are mostly involved, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">they<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> ascend and take the first place in the antitumor defen<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ce<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> probably because <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">they<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> act without MHC restriction<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Therefore<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> if Th1 is significantly affected, the lymphocytes Tc, which would be the basis of the antitumor defen<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ce,<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> can no longer function normally<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">;<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> instead the NK lymphocytes can do it, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">they<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> enter the specific defen<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ce.<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> In addition<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, the<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> B lymphocytes <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">can do<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> it and they are dependent on Th2 and have normal lines to work T independently. Among the NK lymphocytes and some Tc , were selected the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">LAK (Lymphokine Activated Lymphocytes), wh<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ose<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> cytotoxic activity is increased <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">by<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> the increased expression of adhesion molecules following IL-2 activation.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> In<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> time, it seems that the B lymphocytes have become more specialized in the production of monoclonal antibodies increasingly effective, with therapeutic implications. Many of these B lymphocytes may be coordinated by Th2 or T independent (given the defect in Th1 ) ; these, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">similarly to the<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> NK lymphocytes, have risen so that <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">t<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">umoral immunity has <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">been<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> among the first places in the antineoplastic defense.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">It seems that the n<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">on-specific immunity <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">is<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> less affected and works better, but it does not have such a large capacity because it has no specificity<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. The <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">macrophages \/ monocytes are involved, the eosinophils<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> that<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> have important antitumor cytotoxic activity, the neutrophils that destroy especially the metastatic cells in the circulati<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">on<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, while the complement system is less described.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> The m<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">acrophages have<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> still<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> unknown mechanisms <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to destroy the<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> tumor cell and to process<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> them<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> as APC , <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">which<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> may be one of the main unexplained links in the cellular mechanisms. It seems that the <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">c<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ytolysis of the neoplastic cells <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">is<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> not obtained by phagocytosis, but by cytotoxic substances: TNF-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u03b1<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> produced by macrophages, lysosomal enzymes such as serine<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: line-through;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">proteases, oxygen peroxide, IL-1. They act <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">especially<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> by inducing apoptosis (programmed death), <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">unlike the<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> NK and Tc lymphocytes <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> induce lysis death (by cell-cell contact and by the membrane perforation mechanisms). The main lymphotoxin of the NK and Tc lymphocytes is TNF-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u03b2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In the case of NK lymphocytes, the genetic determinism matters (their number and activity are genetically conditioned)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. H<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">owever, paradoxically, as the disease progresses, their number decreases in the final stages p<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">robably by the intervention of the hyperactivated suppressive T lymphocytes<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> .This means that some suppressive mechanisms related to the Treg lymphocytes are probably the coordination (help) from Th, so from the highest level and which are most likely related to the impossibility of the APC \/ couple to initiate a correct response.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The immune system, at least at the <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">onset<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> of most neoplasms, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">seems<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> intact, so the alleged defect may be only functional, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">which<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> means that the <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">main<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> superior lymphocytes, Th1 and Treg , do not &#8222;see&#8221; the neoplastic cells or they have established<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> from<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> the beginning total tolerance to these cells, which resembles <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">tolerance<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> in pregnancy. The pathological tolerance <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">process<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, which seems an accidental phenomenon, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">may<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> have started <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">from<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> the highest level, from Th1 and Treg , <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">then<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> it was decreased or blocked, so that the Tc lymphocyte can still function (but it does not have the maximum capacity because it does not have good stimulation from by IL-2)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Subsequently<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, the Th2 lymphocytes and the B lymphocytes, including the independent T lymphocytes, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">seem<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> to function better, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">whereas<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> the NK lymphocytes, which are not so dependent on Th1 (they have only help <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">by<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> IFN-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u03b3<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">), ascend to the first line <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">whereas<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> macrophages \/ monocytes, eosinophils<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> neutrophils participate well in the non-specific defense.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> The a<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ctivated<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">macrophages are known to have high cytotoxic <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">power<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> against a multitude of cancer cells<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> main secreted cytokine <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">is<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> TNF-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u03b1<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">whereas<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> IFN-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u03b3<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, the main effector cytokine of the Th1 lymphocyte, has been found in several studies to be less efficien<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">t<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, so it seems a kind of inversion, which means that they ascended the lower elements of the non-specific immune system<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">,<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> having in view that the upper main lines have a major defect.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Some specialists have previously suggested that neoplastic cells are coated with antibodies, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">which<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> would make it impossible to recognize them, but it seems that there is a different charge (electrical, magnetic or electromagnetic) on these cells that is present in the in situ stage from the first appeared neoplastic cell. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">If<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> this charge (radiation) is some<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">how<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> similar to the <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">charge<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> of the egg cell, it could confuse the Th lymphocyte and trigger a signal <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> induc<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">e<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> tolerance as in pregnancy, by an unknown mechanism, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> induction of the pregnancy tolerance, which is certainly triggered by the egg cell and it spreads to all the embryo-fetal cells. If the first neoplastic cell accidentally carries a signal (electrical, magnetic or electromagnetic) that resembles or <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">imitates the<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">signal<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> of the egg cell, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">it<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> could explain the lack of the tumor rejection.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> The <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">NK cells, especially at the placental level, also play a central role in the pathology to reject pregnancy .<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><a id=\"regulation\"><\/a>Regulati<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">on <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of the<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> immune responses and implications in the antineoplastic defence<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Regulation at the level of Th1 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">lymphocyte is preponderantly autocrine made by IL-2 that acts upon the IL-2 receptors : IL-2R, CD 25 ( s<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">cheme no. 1) .<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.imunomed.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/schema.png\" alt=\"Scheme1\" width=\"613\" height=\"495\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-179\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.imunomed.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/schema.png 613w, https:\/\/www.imunomed.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/schema-300x242.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 613px) 100vw, 613px\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Scheme no. 1<\/b><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">: Regulation of specific cellular immune responses at the level of the Th1 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">lymphocyte<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">APC &#8211; antigen presenting cell<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">L <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> &#8211; <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> lymphocyte<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">L<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">&#8211; cytotoxic T lymphocyte <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">IL-1 interleukin 1<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">IL-2 interleukin 2<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">IL-2R receptors IL-2<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">TNF-\u03b1 tumour necrosis factor<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">IFN- <\/span><\/span><span><span style=\"color: #222222;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u03b3<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> interferon <\/span><\/span><span><span style=\"color: #222222;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u03b3<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">IL-2 is used by <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> in the main anterograde coordination (help) functions at the level of Tc and at the level of NK lymphocytes and macrophages together with <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">IFN-\u0263<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. The receptor for IL-2 is CD-25, the main marker of the Treg lymphocyte , so it is a kind of argument that IL-2 can successfully participate in mechanisms of regulation and self-regulation and it is known that it activates most of the cellular immune responses in which <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is involved.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The Tregs <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">CD4 + CD25<\/span><\/span><\/span><sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">hi<\/span><\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">+ Foxp3+<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> have m<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">inly<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> a<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> suppressive role, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">use IL-2<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> as the main re<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">gulatory<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> interleukin<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">e, where as<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> the lymphocytes Th1 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">use<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> IL-2 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">for<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> the auto-regulation<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Therefore,<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Th1 lymphocytes , <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">by<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> the help function, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">may also<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> interv<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">e<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">n<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">e<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> in the coord<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">i<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">nation of the Tregs. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">There <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">are<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">two<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">types<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Tregs<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">lymphocytes: <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">native <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">acquired. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">CD4+<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Tregs lymphocytes having a common way of d<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ifferetiation<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> with <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">CD4+ <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">T helper lymphocytes ( with Th17 ) who are help , effector and with memory , that is possible as sometime it not may exercise well the supressor fonction .<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span>Tregs <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span>express similar phenotype with the effector cells activated CD4+CD25+ ( which have effector functions ) .<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"> <span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Classic , at the beginning of the immunolgy , it was discribed that having supressor fonction the T supressor lymphocyte Ts CD8+ , <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">then some authors have atributed the supressor rol of the Th1 lymphocyte , which inhibit Th2 ( by IFN-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span><span style=\"color: #222222;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u03b3<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span><span style=\"color: #222222;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and of the Th2 lymphocyte which inhibit Th1 by IL-10 ( which is also principal supressor c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">y<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">tokine utilized <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span>by<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> regulatory T lymphocyte <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span>in present the principal rol of supressor is atributed of the Tregs cells .<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Tregs cells inhibit : autoreactive CD4+ T cells <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>(role in autoimmune diseases )<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> , immune responses antitumoral , effectorT cells <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>(<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> in the chronic <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>infectiosis<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> diseases <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>)<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> and<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>alloreactive Tcells <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>(in transplan<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">t ) .<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The Tregs cells inhibit also the lymphocytes Th2 , but our function in allergic inhibation pathology was not established always with certain<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ty .<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Some studies have demonstrated the presence in the cancers of T supressor <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">linies<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> CD8+Foxp3+ ( in the cancer of prostate ) .<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Is interesting why supressor T lymphocytes were described initial by well known immunologists as belonging to CD8+ subset ? <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">It possible as the numbers of these be decreased in time? It possible be increased in parallel the number of the <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">supressor<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> lymphocytes CD4+CD25+ <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">which are also involved in the immunological tolerance , possible also because of <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">in late period<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> the increase the number of immunogenes <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and allergenes<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> because of the industrialization <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> .<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">It is possible as in the epoch of industrialization work supressor CD4+ cells , while formarly has worked supressor CD8+ cells <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(more stable )<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> ?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In neoplasia , the Tregs cells are increasedand inhibit the antitumoral activity , which should be favorable . Tregs <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">in cancer<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> don\u2019t differ as phenotype of other Tregs cells .<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span>New strategies of trait<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span>e<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span>ment visa on the manipulation of the Tregs cells in the immunotherapy against cancer ; <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span>also , the activation cytotoxic Tcells have good efficacy <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span>( of the type CAR-T <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span>cell therapy<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span>) , or possible <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span>manipulation<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span> of the some therapies at level of Th lymphocytes , eventually with the perfection of the APC\/Th cooperation ,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><a id=\"cooperation\"><\/a>The cooperation <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">between<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> APC\/Th<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span>Returning at the cooperation between APC and Th1 , which is one of the important<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span><u><b> <\/b><\/u><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span>links of immune response ,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is interesting, that, in the retrograde coordination at the APC level, the participation of IL-2 is not described in the literature, but only the participation of IFN-\u0263 (the increase in the expression of MHC-II) is described. This is a cytokine with the main effect function and it would have been expected that IL-2 participated, too, especially since it is the main interleukin regulating macrophage along with <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">IFN-\u0263<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. The macrophage is part of the nonspecific defense and its role is smaller, while the APC participates in a superior function of taking, processing and presenting antigens to helper lymphocytes, which is a key function to initiate and develop immune responses, but it is not known why its coordination at the higher level of <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is made only through IFN-\u0263.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Conversely, APC and macrophage go with the same stimulation on <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, mainly with IL-1, and they have almost the same cytokine profile: IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-\u03b1, IL-12, IL-23 for APC and IL-1, TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 for macrophage. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">One of the main functions of the <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> lymphocyte as &#8222;the general&#8221; of the immune system is the function of stimulation (help) at the level of <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, made mainly by IL-2. The other roles of regulating the macrophage, the NK cells or the <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> lymphocytes seem minor, whereas the Th \/ <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> interaction seems to be one of the main links which would illustrate the fact that both of them could be considered &#8222;generals&#8221; of the immune system.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>This would be the basis of the antitumor defence because <\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> lymphocytes are deleted in the absence of Th (deletion is mediated by <\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>). <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> This seems to be precisely the case with neoplasms, as it is not well known how to process tumor antigens at the APC level and whether the presentation to Th is efficient. In this context, NK lymphocytes are part of the nonspecific defense and can probably still function if Th (and implicitly Tc, too) have problems, they specialize better and some become LAK lymphocytes, which reach the first line, possibly more efficient than <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (classically, NK lymphocytes were described as the third line, after T and B lymphocytes). At the beginning of immunology, they were considered to be part of the non-specific defence or borderline defence, then in recent years they have risen and in some cases they function specifically.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Also, in the antineoplastic defence, all the elements of the non-specific immune system have risen, including the eosinophil, probably through the blockage that seems to exist in the upper Th lymphocytes. It is interesting that the eosinophil is also the cell that responds and proliferates in case of exposure to high X radiation levels, and there are cases of hypereosinophils in radiologists who had prolonged exposures to radioscopes. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The elements of the non-specific immune system, especially neutrophils, also deal with metastatic blood cells.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> From some studies it results that IFN-\u0263 produced by the <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> lymphocyte is not very efficient in the defence against tumors. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> On the other hand, in most neoplasias, the immune system does not seem to have immunodeppression at the beginning of the neoplasia, but it installs it along the way.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> This would mean that there could be a &#8222;functional&#8221; blockage even in the &#8222;general&#8221; Th lymphocytes (respectively at recognition at the presentation of APC), which would explain the uncontrolled evolution of the disease with massive metastatic invasion. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Also, Th1 lymphocytes may have a blockage and Th2 and independent B cell activation increase and they seem to have specialized in time and offer more and more efficient models of monoclonal antibodies with therapeutic implications.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Recently, it seems that the efficiency of antineoplastic defenses on all lines of the immune system increased because the overall evolution of malignant conditions is better.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><a id=\"signalling\"><\/a>Signalling possibilities in malignant clones and in parallel in leukocyte clones involved in the antineoplastic defence<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The Th lymphocyte has a kind of immunological &#8222;isolation&#8221;, namely it never comes in direct contact with anyone, neither with antigens (only through APC) nor with other cells (only through interleukins), whereas the regulation does it rather autocrine by itself (more often through IL-2). All of them are probably part of a complex protection mechanism so that it cannot be disrupted.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The main characteristic of the <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> lymphocyte is to function by the recognition of antigens in the MHC I cup of the target cells; however, it needs a confirmation from the <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> lymphocyte, which is recognized in the MHC II cup of APC and acts as a help on Tc, so practically <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> lymphocytes need the double recognition, because in the absence of <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> they are deleted.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> It is interesting that this <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\/<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> cooperation, which seems to be of major importance in the development of immune responses, is less known and less described in immunology and it is achieved mainly through IL-2.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Also, the help function exerted by the Th1 lymphocyte on APC, which is also of major importance, is less known and mainly performed on IFN-<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>\u03b3<\/b><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">It is possible that, in addition to the classical molecular systems described (interleukins and intercellular interrelationships at the level of the receptor), there appears an additional system of intercellular signaling, possibly physical, even physical radiation that doubles the chemical one, given the rapidity with which the signaling sometimes spreads to all the elements of the immune system.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The immune system may have an intelligence that enables it to make more complex analyzes than the ones known classically, namely that it may also analyze various radiations or more complex physical and chemical signals through a signaling system that is more complex than the classically described one.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> A theoretical example would be the rapid spread of the signal from the first Th lymphocytes that come into touch with the antigen (in the MHC II cup of APC); the activation and transformation signal into effector and memory lymphocyte or, if necessary, the deletion signal spreads rapidly to the entire Th lymphocyte clone no matter where it is located in the body, so there may be a physical signaling system in addition to the classical one, which is more of a chemical type, through molecules and cytokines (messenger molecules of the immune system).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Classically, the signaling between the elements of the immune system is made:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> 1) through close contact between cells &#8211; intercellular interrelationships established at the level of surface receptors, which involves the main signal plus several secondary, co-stimulatory signals and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> 2) by interleukins that have an autocrine action (on the producing cell), paracrine (on the adjacent cells), and some authors describe the endocrine function, at a distance from the secretion place.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> The signaling and the communication of the elements of the immune system at a distance is less known but it seems to be of major importance.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Similarly in the case of CD8 + <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> lymphocyte, if a certain number of Tc lymphocytes are locally engaged in an offensive reaction by the recognition of antigenic determinants in the MHC I cup, there is probably a rapid signaling at a distance by which all the Tc clones are informed about the immune status. These signals can be physical in addition to the chemical ones.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">It is possible that such signals also work in the malignant clones, because all the malignant cells seem to bear the same signals that were originally on the first malignant transformed cell.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Also in pregnancy, which is a semiallograft or even an allograft in the case of carrier mothers, the immunological tolerance is established for a period of nine months immediately after the formation of the egg cell, and it is extended to all the elements of the immune system. It is not known by what mechanism, but the pregnancy tolerance is established quickly because the egg cell and all cells derived from it must not be attacked by the elements of the immune system, especially the local ones, most of which are part of the nonspecific defence.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Probably here, in addition to the classical system described by the molecules (cytokines, hormones, enzymes, proteins), there is also a physical signaling system, especially between the cells of the immune system, given the speed with which the pregnancy tolerance must be established. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><a id=\"activating\"><\/a>Activating signals in the immune system<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">As for the immune system, the main types of signals involved in inducing and keeping immune responses are:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">&#8211; the main signals from the interaction between peptide-MHC and TCR \/<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b> <\/b><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, which are activators and are transmitted to the depth of the cytoplasm<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">&#8211; the signals at the level of the co-receptors (<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, that have the role of stimulating adhesion and transducing signals); the co-stimulating secondary signals must be present simultaneously with the main ones<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">&#8211; the signals transduced by the accessory molecules; these molecules are the same for all the T lymphocytes and have no ability to recognize the antigens; they simply have a role in adhesion.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Classically the T and B lymphocytes require two extracellular signals in order to be activated. For the T lymphocytes, the first signal is conferred by the interaction between the peptide -MHC complex with TCR (and the co-receptors <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> or <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). The second signal is given by the co-stimulatory molecules expressed by APC and that have interactions with specific receptors belonging to the T cell.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The way TCR\/CD3 is the main way to signal (main signals), while the co-stimulatory (secondary) signals are transmitted to other co-stimulatory molecules, which are expressed by APC and interact with the specific receptors of the T lymphocites (for example <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> \u2013 <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). The co-stimulatory signals must be present simultaneously with the signals induced by the antigen.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The absence of co-stimulation, having in view the presence of the antigen, can determine the elimination of the T lymphocyte by inducing the death of the cell or by inducing anergiy (non-responsivity).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The T lymphocytes also express some accessory molecules that are identical to all T cells and do not have the ability to recognize the antigen, but they interact with various molecules (ligands) in APC (for example <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">CD2-LFA3 and LFA1-ICAM), ta<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">rget cells or vascular endothelium, and also play a role in homing.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The a<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">dhesion molecules also play an important role in the LAK lymphocytes, whereas their expression <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">is<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> increased by IL-2, with a role in binding the target cell and triggering the cytotoxic effect.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The accessory molecules are also used as surface markers in the immunohistochemical identification of the T cells in different conditions (leukemia or lymphomas) .<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>These adhesion molecules may play a role<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> in transmitting the signals at a distance, because they have a time-related criterion (the role of establishing a long enough contact between cells, which enables the making of the functional interactions) and a space-related criterion (they are identical in all the T lymphocytes, they have no polymorphism).<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The transduction of the signal at the level of the co-receptor molecule involves a classical example of chemical molecular signaling at the level of the immune system: the intervention of protein tyrosine kinase belonging to the family src called Lck, that are specific to the T lymphocytes and are associated to the cytoplasmic tails belonging to the co-receptor molecules. Lck acts to phosphorylate the chains of <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">complex to tyrosine residues when the cytoplasmic tails of <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> or <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> interact with the ones of the TCR-<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">complex in the recognition process of the antigen.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> This tyrosine phosphorylation in the cytoplasmic tails of <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">occurs in the enzymatic cascade that is necessary for the activation of the T lymphocytes.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> The main enzymatic cascade during the activation of the T lymphocytes is the cascade of the phosphatidylinositols and the principale protein tyrosine kinase is PTK p56 lck.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The cooperation between the Th and APC lymphocytes has as a basic element the polarization of the Th lymphocytes versus APC at the level of the membrane and of the level of the cytoplasma, a phenomenon called by the immunologists \u201cthe immunological synapsis\u2019\u2019 (the supramolecular activation centre SMAC ) .<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">This polarization is of a physical type but also of a chemical type, therefore the immunological synapsis can represent a model of double signaling in intercellular relations.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> As for the connections present in the antigen-antibody complex, which is the basic element to trigger the immune response, they are not covalent, therefore relatively weak and reversible:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> &#8211; electrostatic (ionic) bonds emerge between ionic groups with opposite electric charges (as in the case of <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> <\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> , <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> )<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> &#8211; hydrogen bonds emerge between atoms that are negatively charged and belong to polar molecules (<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) and hydrogen ions that have a positive charge (<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) and belong to hydrophilic groups (OH, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). These hydrogen bridges are based on electrostatic interactions and are weak.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> &#8211; the bonds of van der Waals are represented by attraction forces emerged as a result of the interaction between the external electronic clouds at the level of the respective molecules<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> &#8211; hydrophobic bonds emerge between nonpolar molecules as they approach each other during this process and eliminate water molecules between them.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><a id=\"cascading\"><\/a>Signaling cascades in neoplasms<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">It is interesting that in oncology the most frequently described signaling ways are represented by the binding of the ligand (most often the growth factor) to the specific receptor (the extracellular domain), which results in the mobilization of proteins and enzymes with a role in activating the intracellular cascade, whereas some tyrosine protein kinase src are also described as proto-oncogenic.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Clasically there are \u201csignaling cascades\u201c with a regulatory role in the tumor growth, proliferation or apoptosis, whereas deciphering the mechanisms of these cascades, of the transduction of the signals and of the proteic interactions is used in the initiation of the biological therapies that act on the molecular mechanisms (signaling ways, growth regulation, cellular cycle, expression of genes, angiogenesis, apoptosis) .<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> The main signaling ways in neoplastic are the way of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the way of the vascular endothelial growth receptor (VEGFR) .<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> The main targeted therapies are monoclonal antibodies (mabs), directed mainly against the receptors of the growth factor (extracellular domains) or inhibitors of to the thyrozinkinase domain, used in the inhibition of the intracellular signaling way (small molecules) or the blockers of the transduction signal (like the inhibitors of<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> ras <\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">way) or modulators of the cellular cycle, inhibitors of angiogenesis or inductors of apoptosis.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Most of the signaling types described in neoplasms are chemical, but it is crucial the disruption of the cellular cycle, of the growth ways and proliferative signalling that include growth ligands, its receptors or signalling molecules. One of the most important is the transforming growth factor TGF-\u03b2,<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> which is also an important citokine in the regulation of the immune responses..<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Also, during the metastasis and invasion of cancer cells, there were descriptions of several molecules that have complex roles and may have signalling functions: proteoglycans, fibronectin, collagen, elastin, laminins, various proteinases and glycoproteins. Some enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are important in the invasion, they are high in many cancers and have a poor prognosis significance.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The chemicals known to be involved in tumorogenesis are multivarious from the exogenous ones, including nutrients or molecules of microbial origin (oncogenic viruses, bacteria such as Helicobacter Pylori) to endogenous ones, including metabolites (&#8222;oncometabolites&#8221;).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Theoretically, one may initially describe a signal or a multitude of neoplasia-inducing signals that trouble the first neoplastic cell; this signal are unknown (according to some authors, it is necessary the affecting some cells belonging to the same tissue in order to trigger a neoplasm), followed by one or several signs of the progressing tumor.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Following the inductive neoplasm signal, which is unknown, a complex signaling cascade seems to be triggered (\u2019\u2019signaling nets\u201c) that are better known and described classically within the signaling pathways at the extracellular level and at the intracellular level.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Regarding the inductive signal, it could be a chemical one or a physical one or both together, possibly acting by summation, which would represent a variant of the theory of the two signals. It is about chemical or physical induction signals, not neoplasms induced by chemical substances, which are classically described as having a latency period of approximately 10 years since the exposure or the ones induced by radiations that require approximately 20 years since the exposure to triggering.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> The first cell affected neoplastically by this signal may by exclude itself by deletion as a protective mechanism. It could work for the following 2, 3, 4 or 5 cells (the signal \u2019\u2019jumps\u201c from the dead cell to another one until one fails, can no longer delete itself and becomes the promoter of the malignant clone, an aspect suggested in the theory of the clonal deletion).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b> <\/b><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Also, the signal may be present on the neoplastic cell (respectively on the whole malignant clone derived from it, including the metastatic cells) and on the immune system, on all the leukocyte clones involved in the antineoplastic defence, which would represent another variant of the duality of the theory of the two signals (the signal present in parallel on the neoplastic clone and on the leukocyte clones dealing with them, both showing disorders. Only the malignant clone has important organic and functional disorders, whereas the leukocyte clone has only functional disorders) .<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><a id=\"impact\"><\/a>The i<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">mpact on neoplastic tissues<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">This <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> sign inducing neoplasia may be physical, chemical, or both together, but the etiology is currently unknown.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Arguments for the involvement of physical signals (radiation) in the etiopathogenesis of cancer:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1)the carcinogenic effect of high frequency radiation such as <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #222222;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u03b3<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> or X, infrared or ultraviolet is known, whereas the involvement of medium frequency radiation such as electromagnetic waves is debatable; the involvement of electric or magnetic fields is also debatable as several authors discuss magnetic disorders in the neoplastic cell.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> 2) it is interesting that the adipose tissue does not develop in malignant tumors and it is known that in ultrasonography it reflects ultrasound more strongly; thus it can be deduced that, if it reflected the radiation involved in inducing the neoplasm, it would increase the malignancy risk in general and in the surrounding tissues (for example: breast cancer ranks first place in women when breasts in many women have an important fat component; also in men one the first places is occupied by prostate cancer that may be related to the lipid load of the prostate. However, it is considered that the capsule has no malignant<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b> <\/b><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">transformations in the structure of the prostate.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">One of the first places is occupied by the neoplasm of the colon and it is also linked to the excessive fat consumption, whereas obesity increases the general risk of neoplasms.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Mesenteric ganglions are very much affected in neoplasms, possibly due to their proximity to the retroperitoneal fat.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">It should be noted that two of the main symptoms of neoplasms are weight loss, which can lead to cachexia and the loss of appetite; they may be one of the mechanisms activated especially for the defence (getting rid of the adipose tissue). These symptoms were common in the past, but have recently worsened and are less common. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Interestingly, there are two tissues that seem to cause neoplasms: the adipose tissue and the emb<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ryo-fetal tissue in the embryo and fetus;<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> the latter has ultrasonography as the imaging disgnostic method, as well as neoplastic tissue. The described embryonic tumors are at the level of the placental elements, and if the pregnant mother has a neoplasm, it seems that the risk of spreading to the embryo or to the fetus is low.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The embryonic tumors usually develop in adults from embryonic remains, whereas in the embryo and fetus neoplastic tumors seem to be more developed from the maternal elements.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><a id=\"radiation\"><\/a>The impact of physical radiation on tissues<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> <\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">As for high frequency physical radiation, it is known to be carcinogenic, however those with radiodiagnosis or radiotherapeutic implications at standard doses do not seem to be inducers of neoplasms (arguably in the case of radiotherapy which may be considered as chemotherapy, inducers of second neoplasia, especially lymphoma, after several years).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> In contrast, X-rays widely used in radiodiagnosis, including pediatrics, do not seem to be inducers of neoplasms.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Even in the case of CT (computed tomography), where the dose can be bigger to 40 times <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">in<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> comparison to the standard <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">radiograph<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">y<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, the risk of neoplasia is not considered.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">One of the explanations could be that in the case of CT the dose is received <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">all<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> at once, so it <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">is<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> not equivalent to 40 times <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the exposure .<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">This <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">might<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> mean that it is only a component of the radiations that is received at the <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">moment<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> of the emission, so that if it is emitted once (CT), it is received, and if it were emitted for 40 radiographs <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">this component<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> would be received 40 times, which <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">would not even be possible to do in practice .<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">If there is only one carcinogenic component in th<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ese<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> radiations, it <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">might<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> explain the differences between the radiations used <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">for<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> medical <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">purposes<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and other types <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of radiations.<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Also, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">this <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">might<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> explain the high doses of \u03b3 radiation used in <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">radiotherapy<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, which, however, do not usually induce malignancy, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">but<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> what occurs <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">after<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> several years cannot be known exactly if it is the second neoplasm or it is just a recurrence. It is interesting that radiotherapy can be concomitantly <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">associated<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> with chemotherapy without<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> aggravating<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> such as severe immunodepression.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In the past <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> specialists recommended not to repeat the <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">radiographs<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> in 6 months <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">after<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> a classical exposure <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">but<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">currently<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> there is no longer <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">such a<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> restriction, probably it is a resistance to the X-rays that progressed <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">in<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> time. However<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, if there is <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">only a carcinogenic component of <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">X-rays<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, it may have remained confined to the body for <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">approximately<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> 6 months until its disintegration. The patient with external radi<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">otherapy<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> does not become radioactive and <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">is<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> not dangerou<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">s<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> to those around him, however it is not known if <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">this<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> patient does not remain at the level of risky tissues for him, given <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">that<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">a<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> neoplasm m<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ight <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">occur after several years.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">However<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">in present<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">this 6 month restriction no longer <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">applies , so that X-rays can be taken even after CT exposure . Is may be<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">possible<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> that the very high doses during <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the exposure to CT push this carcinogenic component so<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> that <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">it<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> does not get attached to tissues?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Is it possible that the same thing happen to the high doses used in radiotherapy when the said component does not get attached to tissues?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> As<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> for the natural background of radiation, it does not seem to be involved in the etiology of neoplasms<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">H<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">owever, in geographical areas where it is higher (it can be even double), it is considered a higher risk.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Going down the scale of radiation<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">s <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">frequenc<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">y<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, this carcinogenic component is weakes <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to some<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">medium<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> electromagnetic frequencies and it is not described at low frequency radiations.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">However, there are multiple interferences with <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">average<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> to low frequency <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">radiations <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and also to the low frequency <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ones.<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Theoretically radioablation would be one of the most <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">efficient<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> of the physical methods, as well as cryotherapy. They both show <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">great differences between theory and practice because they practically do not have the expected efficiency<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">However, it <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">seems<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> that there <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">are<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> interferences between radio waves and neoplasia signals, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">but<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> in the case of cryotherapy it probably <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">modifies<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> the cellular electrical potentials and produces physical interferences <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">in<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> the signal. These interferences also occur in case of temperature increases:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">&#8211; <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">t<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">hermography is sometimes used to diagnose breast cancer<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">&#8211; the increase in the temperature by one degree in the not lowered testicle increases the risk of malignancy<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">&#8211;<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">the high fever episodes, with 40 degree Celsius, destroy some tumor cells, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">whereas<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> many neoplasms <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">evolve at<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> the same time with fever, secreting pyrethroids as a defen<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ce<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> mechanism.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">There are also interferences with the electric and magnetic fields and attempts <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> regulat<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ing<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> therapeutic interventions by magnetic fields.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> When a<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">nalyzing the low frequency radiations, they are not described as carcinogenic, however they <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">seem<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> to have<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> i<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">nterferences with them<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ultrasonography is one of the choice methods in the diagnosis of neoplasms, while in the <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">close<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> range, the radio waves could be efficient <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> annihilat<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">e<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> neoplasms.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">This would mean that the neoplastic tissues may carry radiation with frequencies close to them but different from the classical <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">known <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ones that belong to the technical field. Is it possible that th<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ese<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> radiations belong only to living cells? However, the carcinogenic component is also found in high-frequency radiations, so it may be mixed, emitted by living cells, objects or cosmic <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> telluric radiation.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The said signal is not among those known with low frequencies, but that is why there is the possibility to be itself with low frequencies and to <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">show<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> incompatibilities <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> associat<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">e<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> with them, expressing only some interferences<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> In the case of ultrasounds it would be a kind of imaging detection<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and possible reflection as in the case of the adipose and embryo-fetal tissue, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">but<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> in the case of radio waves it would have the opposite effect of annihilation.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> A good imaging expression in the case of malignant tumors is shown by the <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">X-rays (radiography, radioscop<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">y<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, CT), the magnetic resonance imaging, scintigraphy and also methods that combine physical X-rays with chemical metabolic changes induced by the administration of chemical solutions (PET-CT). <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Radiomics consists in the correlation of several dates extracted from medical imaging techniques (CT, MRI, PET-CT, RD digital radiography, ultrasonography<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">) <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">with<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> clinic<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">al dates<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> biological dates <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">in<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">order<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> to find a diagnos<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">is<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">and<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> a therapeutic decision <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">with<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> maximum benefi<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">t<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> .<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">It is interesting that <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">some<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> animals (dogs) hav<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ing<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> greater instincts and <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">perception<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> abilities of some types of waves ( ultrasounds ) have been used by research teams in attempts to diagnose malignancies.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> <\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>All this suggests that certain radioactive physical signals may be involved in the etiopathogenesis of neoplasms and in the interference with various methods of diagnosis and treatment. Thus, in the etiopathogenesis of neoplasms, a physical inducing signal doubled by a chemical one may be involved, which at the cellular level (at the moment of the impact) goes through a conversion, so that later (as a progression signal) it is expressed more by the chemical signals that are described classically (&#8222;signaling cascades&#8221;).<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><a id=\"immune\"><\/a>Impact on the immune system<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> The eosinophil is a cell that plays an important role in the non-specific defence in antineoplastic defence and it also seems to be a cell that has numerical increases in the presence of radiation (eosinophil increases have been present in radiologists who have had high exposure to radioscopes and angiographies ) .<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Hypereosinophilia is also found in parasitosis, especially in the case of helminths that are larger than protozoa and may have a radiation charge harmful to the host organism.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The bilobate nucleus of the eosinophil could be an additional argument, because for radiologists the first signs of prolonged exposure to radiation are fragment leukocyte nuclei. The cells involved in the defence against the malignant cells in the circulatory stream are neutrophilic polymorphonuclei which may detect a radiation charge specific to the metastatic cells.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> The exploration of the immune system is made by various physical methods (precipitation, agglutination, immunofluorescence reactions, solid phase tests: Radio Immuno Assay (RIA), Radioimmunosorbent test (RIST), Radioallergosorbent test (RAST), Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) , immunohistochemistry, molecular biology techniques. All of them include chemical methods, especially enzymology, whereas flow cytometry is the choice method in the identification and analysis of the lymphocyte populations and the method of immunological choice in hematological malignancies (the immunophenotyping collects the information obtained by the recorded signals) by fluorescence emitted by fluorochromes coupled in most cases with monoclonal antibodies specific to the epitopes of the respective cell passing through the laser beam).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The multitude of physical and chemical techniques used in immunology denotes multiple interactions of this order between the elements of the immune system.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">It should be noted that the immunophenotyping and the analysis of the CD system (the cluster of differentiation), especially of the populations of CD4 + helper T and CD8 + cytotoxic T lymphocyte is made at choice by using laser electromagnetic radiation in flow cytometry, therefore the interactions are electromagnetic and chemical.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Regarding the cooperation between the T lymphocyte and APC, there is a polarization of the T lymphocyte in relation to APC in the membrane and in the cytoplasm, which represents &#8222;the immunological synapse&#8221;.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Dendritic cells , besides the functions of antigen processing and presentation and cytokine production , also have roles of T-cell polarization .<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">One of the basic elements is the antigen-antibody bond which is non-covalent, relatively weak and therefore reversible.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> If, in the case of neurons and in the case of interneuronal synapses or neuro-motor plates, there are changes in the electrical potential of the membrane, it is possible that such potentials also work in the case of the immunological synapses. It should be noted that, in the case of the higher elements of the immune system, the Th and Tc lymphocytes, the presentation is made only in the MHC cup to TCR \/ CD3 and it is not known why it cannot be done directly. The T lymphocytes have no antigen directly uptake receptors. There may be an electromagnetic potential at the level of these cups, which could have a role in the spatial presentation as well as in physical signaling , possibly also in the analysis of the antigen in terms of radiation or even in their cutting.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">If the <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> lymphocyte by TCR some how participates in the annihilation of the radioactive load of antigens, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">it<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> would explain its continuous <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">place<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> in the top of the antineoplastic defence, along with <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">N<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">K, given that <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> may not have activation from <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> which seems defective in the recognition of the tumor antigens.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> At the level of the central nervous system there are a multitude of neural formations with a cup-like structure and they may be related to the increased resistance of the cephalic extremity to X-rays, as radiologists do not need a protection helmet. This could be related to format of the callote cranienne , as well as the format of axile , the wrist and elbow , because the protection realize herself only with worn apron by radiologists and by radiotherapy patients or by pregnant women who need X-rays.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">If, at the level of the nervous system, the transmission of the signals is made by action potentials and by electrical potential differences between the inside and outside of the cell, at the level of the immune system there is an interesting feature: the antigen processing takes place during &#8222;the trip&#8221; that APC makes from the entry place of infectious agents to the regional lymphoid organs (lymph<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">atyc ganglions<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">). The phenomenon is part of homing and it may be necessary to induce or involve potential differences in the normal making of immune responses, because it is not known why this move is necessarily needed.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Another argument of the physical impact on the immune system would be that stress is considered by many authors to be aggravating neoplasms by the immunosuppression of the immune system. The stress influences the nervous system by an electrical component, which may cause changes in the immune system.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>It should be noted that at the level of the nervous system there is a double component in terms of the transmission of nerve influx: a physical one represented mainly by the propagation of action potentials at the level of neurons, whereas at the level of neuronal synapses there is interruption of physical contact between neurons. they do not touch and the mediation is done chemically through mediators. So there is a conversion of transmission from physical &#8211; chemical signals to chemical signals.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> Similarly, in the case of the etiopathogenesis of neoplasms, there may be a conversion of a physical inducing signal that is not yet known to a chemical and physical progression signal that is described in oncology in &#8222;activation cascades.&#8221;<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">This signal may also be present in the neoplastic clone and the leukocytes, possibly extending or &#8222;jumping&#8221; from the first neoplastic cell to the first elements of the immune system that examined it, and then extended to all the leukocyte elements).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">However, the signal from neoplastic cells is much more harmful and induces major organic and functional disorders of those cells. If it is present in the immune system, it is weaker or it is only a component of the inducing signal, which does not produce organic but only functional disorders (such as the electrical component of stress, which induces immunosuppression).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The T lymphocytes at the upper level (helper and regulatory) may not &#8222;see&#8221; the tumor antigens in the sense that they have established a pathological tolerance to them from the first neoplastic cell, a tolerance that extends to the entire malignant clone, including to the metastatic cells.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, sans-serif;\"><a id=\"paralelism\"><\/a>P<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, sans-serif;\">arallelism between the immunological tolerance induced by pregnancy<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, sans-serif;\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, sans-serif;\">and tolerance in neoplasm<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> A type of tolerance that is not similar to this is also described only in pregnancy, where it is not known exactly the mechanism by which the egg cell immediately induces tolerance to the entire immune system, from the upper T lymphocytes to all the elements of the non-specific immune system because, immediately after the formation and nesting of the egg cell, it must be intact and not attacked by the local elements of the immune systems, especially the elements of the non-specific immune system that do not have the capacity to analyze as the elements of the specific immune system, given that pregnancy is a semiallograft or even an allograft in carrier mothers.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Subsequently tolerance extends to all the embryo-fetal cells until the delivery date, when it is lost at the age of 9 months, exceeding this age results in rejection, so it seems that it is a genetic program predetermined by species, given that for humans there is also an evolution variant of 7 months.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Tolerance is double: mother \/ foetus and foetus \/ mother and it last strictly only during pregnancy.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Classically, a multitude of hormonal, enzymatic, cytokine, protein and lipid molecules are described in the induction and keeping of pregnancy tolerance: progesterone, estrogen, chorionic gonadotrop<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">h<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">in, proteases, collagenases, \u03b2-2 microglobulin, haptoglobin, uteroglobin, prostaglandin <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">,<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, cytokines with favorable action on the growth and development of the embryo-foetus: IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-6, IL-8, TGF\u03b2 -2, interferon, GM-CSF.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">One of the main cytokines with a repressive <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">role<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> is IL-10, produced by <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, by which it inhibits <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">. The cytokine complex produced by the <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> lymphocyte induces a regulation in the paracrine- type pregnancy.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">IL-10 is the major cytokine and regulatory T lymphocyte , along <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">with<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> TGF-\u03b2, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">by<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> which it controls excessive responses.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>The<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> tolerance to pregnancy <\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>starts<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> immediately after the formation of the egg cell so that it is not destroyed<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>.<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> The rapidity with which it <\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>established<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> suggests that the chemical system of the involved molecules may be doubled by a physical system, possibly signaling from the range of the electromagnetic signals.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The tolerance to <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">p<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">regnancy is a model of physiological tolerance and it would seem that the immune system &#8222;sees&#8221; the egg cell and all the embryo-fetal elements, it knows them well and that is why it gives them tolerance <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">by<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> an incompletely known mechanism. Tolerance is also double from the fetus for the mother until the age of 9 months.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Some authors argue in the induction of pregnancy tolerance the intervention of electronegative protection mechanisms, competitive a<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">b<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">sorption based on the saturation of the antigenic sites or the modification of antigenic expression by &#8222;the internalization of antigens&#8221;, offering as an example of electronegative protection the layer of mucopolysaccharides covering syncytiotrophoblast<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> that would <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">show<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">s<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">imilarities to the one in some bacteria, in which mucopolysaccharides or capsular carbohydrates do not allow the <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">antigenic<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> recognition. All these hypotheses<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> belong to the theory of masking the antigenic sites, which claim the impossibility to recognize the fetal HLA antigenes by the immune system. However, these theories are controversial because the<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> antigenicity of the trophoblast has been demonstrated. The cells of the syncytiotrophoblast in<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> n<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ormal pregnancy do not express the classical HLA molecules of class I or II<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> The cytotrophoblast cells at the villous level, immediately below the syncytiotrophoblast, do not express HLA of class I but they contain <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">its<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> corresponding mRNA. The extraviloseal cytotrophoblast at the level of the decidua, as well as the trophoblastic cells at the level of the chorion and the placental bed in the case of the term pregnancy express mRNA and HLA-G molecules (HLA class Ib antigen, nonpolymorphic), but also HLA-C and E<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">So,<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> however, pregnancy is a semiallograft, which means that the mechanism of induction and maintenance of tolerance to pregnancy is extremely complex and intelligent, especially <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">because<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> it is double (it is also f<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">etus &#8211;<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">mother<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">), it is natural, physiological and probably genetically predetermined <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">for<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> a <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">period<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> of 9 months.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In neoplasms, it seems that an inverse phenomenon of pathological tolerance <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">occurs<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">by<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> which the <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> lymphocyte does not &#8222;see&#8221; and does not recognize neoplastic cells, and there is a defect in the uptake, processing and presentation of tumor antigens in the MHC-cup II <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">of<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">APC<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> The blockage in <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">seems<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> to be only functional because the immune system, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">in most cases<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> at least at the onset of the neoplasms, does not have immunodepression in most cases, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">whereas<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> the other lines <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">work<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> normally (anti-infective, autoimmune).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> There<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> may be a signal on the <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> lymphocyte that blocks its access to neoplastic antigens (so it does not &#8222;see&#8221; the malignant cells), but <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">this<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> it seems to have a weaker component than the <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">inductive<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> signal (S1) which is present on the malignant cells and causes so many <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">organic <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">disorders as well as functional ones. This signal from the elements of the immune system (which would be S2) and which produces only functional disorders, is much weaker than S1 (or it is only <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">its<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> component that passed on the leukocytes during the analysis they performed<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">on the malignant cells).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>If the inductive signal S1 is physical, then it may undergo a conversion (or an inversion) <\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>on<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> a chemical type (&#8222;a signaling cascade&#8221; classically described in oncology), just as the signalling of potential action type at the level of the neurons is converted to signalling<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> of <\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>chemical mediators at the level of the synaptic slits, where there is no physical contact.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Under these conditions, the two signals S1 from the malignant clone and S2 from the lymphocyte clone <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">may<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> have the same polarity (plus <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">with plus<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> or minus <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">with<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> minus), which would be a variant that could explain the incompatibility between them<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">so that the <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> lymphocytes cannot <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">recognize <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> the neoplastic cells<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>These theories would explain the duality of cancer, <\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>namely<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> that the damage is <\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>both<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> on the neoplastic clone and also on the immune system, on the lymphocyte clone that had the first contact with the first affected neoplastic cell.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">From the clinical and paraclinical observations, these <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">signals <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(S1 and S2 )<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">seem<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> to have several main characteristics:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">&#8211; in case all the neoplastic cells <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">are<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> eradicat<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">ed<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> (in situ extirpated neoplasms or &#8222;sterilizations&#8221; referred to in oncology in the case of leukemias or lymphomas treated chemically and by radiotherapy), it would seem that the induc<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">tive<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> signal &#8222;<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">leaps<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">&#8221; (passes) <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">to<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> other cells belonging to the same tissue or even another tissue, so that recurrence still occurs after <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">some<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> years.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> &#8211; in the case of dead neoplastic cells, <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">possibly as the signal don\u2019t by present on them , because <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> vaccine immunotherapy t<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">rials<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> have been performed on the killed neoplastic cells <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(ex. by Rx )<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> , but did not have satisfactory results. Interestingly, the nonspecific stimulation with microbial vaccines (eg. BCG <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">anti<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">tuberculosis vaccine) has improved in some forms of cancer better than neoplastic cell stimulation. This is an additional argument that the <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> lymphocyte responds normally to other stimuli but does not &#8222;see&#8221; the neoplastic cells and cannot initiate a correct response.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>One of the basic links may be <\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>antigens capture<\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>, the processing and the presentation of tumor antigens in APC, which has a mechanism that is still incompletely elucidated.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> If the living tumor cells are indeed covered by a signal or have a particular mechanism by which they cannot be recognized by the immune system, the tumor antigens processed and presented by APC may come mostly from the dead neoplastic cells that probably lost their signal and can also be used as vaccines. If these tumor antigens coming from dead cells are mostly involved in the stimulation of the <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> lymphocyte by APC, it would explain why its immune response is weak, as for detritus and it is not the expected one, ie. a strong immunological response to rejection of some completely aberrant, monstrous cells.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>The IFN-\u03b3, the main effector cytokine of the <\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i> lymphocyte, is not very effective, so it does not seem to give an immunological response as for highly modified cells with great antigenicity, but rather a response as for some detritus (dead neoplastic cells ?).<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">After a variable period of the evolution of the neoplastic disease, the immunodepression starts, so probably the <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> lymphocyte <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">(<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">through the <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">effector and<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> help function <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">)<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> does not consider adequate the major intervention of the other elements of the immune system because they do not &#8222;see&#8221; the tumor antigens. It is known that the number and the activity of the NK lymphocytes decreases in time, probably under the coordination of <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> which <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> it works as a suppressor .<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Also, this could also explain the expected lack of response to some immunomodulatory therapies, such as fungal extracts or some monoclonal antibodies that could be blocked at the upper level by <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> and <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> which find unjustified the intervention of such powerful mechanisms in conditions in which they do not have adequate antigenic stimulation.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Th1 should intervene by non-exercityng correct of the fonction effector and help .<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">This would mean that the main defect is double, at the level of and .<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Treg has Th1 support (Treg is stimulated of Th1 by IL-2 ) .<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In the absence of correct activation of the Th1 , the lymphocytes Tc can be deleted <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">, so there is a major defect in the cellular defence at the higher level, which would explain the aggressiveness of the neoplastic disease and finally the invasion of the body by metastasis.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b><a id=\"references\"><\/a>References<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"color: #111111;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Abbas A . K., Lichtman A. H. , Pillai S. , Basic Immunology : Functions and disorders of the immune system , Sixth edition , Elsevier 2020;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #111111;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Alunno A. , Carubbi F., Bistoni O., Caterbi S., Bartoloni E. , Mirabelli G., Cannarile F., Cipriani P., Giacomelli R., Gerli R. , Tregulatory and Thelper 17 Cells in Primary Sjogren\u2019s Syndrome:Facts and Perspectives ,Volume 2015\/ Article ID 243723\/ htpps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/243723;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #111111;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Anghel R. ,Oncolgie generala , Editura Universitara \u2019\u2019 Carol Davila \u2019\u2019 , Bucuresti 2019;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #111111;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Badea R . 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M. , Mircea P.A. , Stamatian F., Tratat de ultrasonografie clinica , vol. 1 ,Editura Medicala Bucuresti ,2007<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #111111;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Bara C. ,Activarea limfocitelor T -rolul moleculelor adaptator ,https:\/\/www.emcb.ro\/article.php?story=20030614203140000;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Bara C. , Esential de imunologie , Editura ALL , Bucuresti 2002; <\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Blidaru I.E., Elemente de imunologie gestationala ,Institutul European ,2007;<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Carasevici E. , Dumitriu I. ,Cianga C. ,Cianga P., Zugun-Eloae F. , Imunologie , Universitatea de Medicina \u0219i Farmacie Gr.T .Popa Iasi 1999 ;<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Cianga P., Tehnici utilizate in imunologie- notiuni introductive ,Editura Pim , Iasi 2008;<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Covic M. , Stefanescu D. , Sandovici I. , Gorduza E.V. , Genetica Medicala , editia a III-a , Editura Polirom , Iasi 2017<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Cristea V., Imunologie Fundamentala, Editura Medicala Universitara \u201cIuliu Hatieganu \u201c Cluj Napoca 1999;<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Cristea V., Costin N., Crisan M., Olinescu A.: Imunologie clinic\u0103 , Ed. Casa C\u0103r\u021bii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 ,Cluj-Napoca, 1999;<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Delves P.J. , Martin S.J. , Burton D.R., Roitt I.M. , Roitt\u2019s Essential Immunology , Thirteenth edition , Wiley Blackwell , 2017;<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Dejica D.: Tratat de imunologie clinic\u0103 , Ed. Dacia ,Cluj-Napoca ,1997;<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Fares J. , Fares M. , Khachfe H.H. ,Salhab H.A. , Fares Y. , Molecular principles of metastatic: a hallmark of cancer revisited ,<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #212121;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> PMC7067809 DOI:10,1038\/s41392-020-0134-x , PMC free-Pub Med;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #222222;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Fouad Y. 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C., Iancu D.P.T. , <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Radiomics in Head and Neck Cancers Radiotherapy .Promiser and Challanger .<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Maedica a Journal of Clinical Medicine No .3\/ 2021 , 2021; 16(3): 482-488<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Kasper D.L., Fauci A.S. : Harrison\u2019s infectious diseases, Second Edition , Editura All , 2020, Bucuresti;<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Kumar V., Abbas A. K. , Aster J. 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Popa , Iasi 2013; <\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Content Abstract Keywords Background Regulation of the immune responses and implications in the antineoplastic defence The cooperation between APC\/Th Signalling possibilities in malignant clones and in parallel in leukocyte clones involved in the antineoplastic defence Activating signals in the immune system Signaling cascades in neoplasms The impact on neoplastic tissues [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-164","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-oncology"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Regulation of the immune responses at APC and helper T cells level and cytotoxic T cells activation in antineoplastic defense. 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